Essay on Abortion - 776 Words

THE MANY SIDES OF ABORTION nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The medical definition of abortion is, quot; the termination of a pregnancy by loss or destruction of the fetus before birth. It can be either spontaneous or induced, and the latter is an act with many legal and ethical ramifications.quot; Abortion is a very controversial subject and there are many different positions that one could take, none which are either all right or all wrong. Before any one makes a decision as to how they feel on the subject, one should look at the different sides to the issue. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;When talking about abortion, there are many different ethical questions involved. Ethics is what one uses to distinguish what is right from wrong,†¦show more content†¦I took a morality class my junior year of high school, and one day we watched a movie on abortion, and it had some really graphic pictures of aborted fetuses, and from the moment I saw that I totally changed my views on the subject. After much thought I decided that abortion would be the wrong choice for myself, and though I dont really agree with the principles of the subject, I dont have the right to say whether another should or should not have abortion. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The position that I hold on abortion, is not the same as everyone elses, there are many groups of people who hold different veiws on the subject, they are called the right to lifers. This group of people believe that life begins at the moment of conception, and by intentionally participating in an abortion, you are participating in the taking of a human life. The pro-life movement has been fighting for many years for the constitutional rights of the fetus, because they think that the fetus is an human and is as deserving of constitutional rights as anyone else. They have organized many demonstrations, such as picketing abortion clinics, which have, in a few cases resulted in the murders of people who work at these clinics. As a result of the pro-life movement, innocent people were killed, because they worked at an abortion clinic, it kind of seems like a double standard. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The opposition to those who are pro-life, areShow MoreRelatedAbortion : Abortion And Abortion998 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion Abortion is defined in several ways all of which stop a pregnancy. There are different ways of abortion, which are spontaneous abortion, surgical abortion, and medical abortion. Abortion has been arguable topic for decades. One can neither believe abortion to be good nor bad. The idea of individuality and human life is not quite the same. Idea of human life has come from conception; simultaneously on the other hand, fertilizer eggs used for in vitro fertilization are also human lives butRead MoreAbortion : Abortion And Abortion Essay921 Words   |  4 PagesPaper: Abortion Laws The topic of abortion is a widely debated and very heated topic in Texas. The Republican party’s platform supports family values and are completely against abortion under any circumstances, including abortifacients. The Democrat party’s platform supports the rights for women to make choices about their own bodies. They support abortifacients and a person’s right to have an abortion. There is also a large percentage of those that are in the middle in that they believe abortion shouldRead MoreAbortion, The, And Abortion998 Words   |  4 PagesIn the United States there are more than a billion abortions performed each year. Since the court case Roe vs Wade in 1973 more than 56 million babies have been murdered in the United States before they had the chance to take their first breath (Snyder, Michael). These statics along with many more show the huge injustice that is happening in the country I call home. Abortion is defined as the removal of an embryo or fetus from the uterus in order to end a pregnancy. It can include any of variousRead MoreAbortion : Abortion And Anti Abortion1624 Words   |  7 Pagesa very large controversy between the ideas about abortion and anti-abortion. Different religious views, beliefs, peoples many different customs and even people of different cultures all have their own preferences and ideas on the take of this political issue. Views against abortion can lead to as much of an impact as a violent/non violent riots outside of an abortion clinics, to something as simple article in the newspaper. The belief on abortion that leads to a lot of the controversy is that inRead MoreAbortion, The, And Abortion Essay1656 Words   |  7 Pages An abortion is when the pregnancy of a women is ended; it is called sometimes Termination of pregnancy. There are two types of abortion. The first type is the spontaneous abortion; it occurs within the first two months. What causes it is frequently unknown yet is probably the results of intra-uterine contamination, or limited attachment in the building unborn child to the interior coating walls in the womb (uterus). Such conditions this unborn child, if the idea advances further, mayRead MoreAbortion, The, And Abortion953 Words   |  4 Pagesdebates that is constantly talked about is abortion. When it comes to abortion, the laws vary depending on the state you live in. Whether people support or are against abortion, few actually know about the abortion process. Have you ever heard of suction aspiration or prostaglandin chemical abortion? Those are two of the various methods that are performed in the different trimesters of pregnancy. According to writer Steven Ertelt of Li feNews.com, Oklahoma’s abortion laws are restrictive compared to otherRead MoreAbortion : Abortion And Abortion1930 Words   |  8 PagesAbortion has been around for quite some time. Laws have been set allowing it and banning it during different periods of time. The procedures that can be done are all very different. There is a medical abortion involving drugs and there are surgical abortion involving a more invasive procedure. There are also different points of view on it. There are those who fully support the termination of a pregnancy and those who are completely against it. There are many factors to consider and very differentRead MoreAbortion And Abortion2038 Words   |  9 PagesMostly seen as a religious issue, abortions are anything but that. Biology and science are the only deciding factors when it comes down to it. Science is the only thing that can prove whether an unborn child is living; no religion can do that. Through modern science and technology, it has been proven and well documented that human life does in fact begin at conception. The scientific evidence also contradicted the court ruling in the Roe v. Wade case, where it was stated that the Court could notRead MoreAbortion : The Fight For Abortion1543 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough abortion was decriminalized in 1973, the fight for abortion rights did not end with Roe v. Wade. Just in the past three years, there have been systematic restrictions on abortion rights sweeping the country sate by state. In 2013, 22 states enacted 70 antiabortion measures, including pre-viability abortion bans, unnecessary doctor and clinic procedures, limits on medicated abortion, and bans on insurance coverage of abortion In 2011, 92 abortion restrictions were enacted, an in 2012, thatRead MoreAbortion : The Issue Of Abortion1212 Words   |  5 PagesThe topic of abortion has been an ongoing debate for many years. According to ProChoice.org, abortion was legal in in the days of the early settlers . At the time that the constitution was adopted abortions were legal. Abortions were openly advertised and performed before the first fetal movement (13-16 weeks from the start of a women’s last period). The concern for abortion started in the late 1800’s when immigrants were coming into the country in large numbers and the fear was that they would produce

Theme Of Trifles By Susan Glaspell - 887 Words

Susan Glaspells Trifles Glaspells play sets up its subjects in its opening minutes. The setting lures you into the play, the opening scene of John and Minnie Wright’s abandoned farmhouse. A chaotic kitchen, the kitchen is in disarray with unwashed dishes, a loaf of uncooked bread, and a dirty towel on the table. You can obviously tell someone left in a hurry or was taken unexpectedly out of the blue. The men repeatedly dismiss things as beneath their notice if they are things such as the canning jars of fruit that are, in their opinions, women’s concerns. Susan Glaspell’s play puts major emphasize on the men and how they never recognize that they have forced the women to be concerned about†¦show more content†¦The Sheriff and the County Attorney appear to have a tainted perspective of the ladies and their significance to society. They kind of drive the ladies aside as though they do their investigation. Glaspells play, typical stereotype where the women are meant to remain in t he kitchen and do things the men instruct them to. Glaspell, was comparatively radical by indicating how these men were covering their spouses, similarly as Mr. Wright did. Mrs. support of Minnie is an early case of the compassion the ladies feel for each other, which brings about dependability. Mrs. Hale knows that it is so hard to run a farmhouse, yet Mr. Henderson does not help. Further, while Mr. Henderson rejects ladies things as insignificant, despite everything he feels the privilege and the need to judge women in their performance. Mrs. Hale sees the treachery of this (probable having encountered it herself), thus she safeguards Minnie against, Mr. Henderson judgment. Glaspell shows how the women are united by their common experiences and loyal to each other because the men do not even try to sympathize with them. Mrs. Hale doesn’t know whether Minnie had a bird, yet recollects that she used to sing delightfully. The women try to figure out what happened to the bird and wonder mutually what happened to the bird from the empty cage, they all come up with their own theories. The ladies see that the that the cage isShow MoreRelatedThe Use of Symbols in Susan Glaspell’s Play Trifles1421 Words   |  6 Pagesthat to them. To be specific, society in that time took the women’s right away from them; they cannot be what they want to be. However, in this Era, there were many writers, who wrote about this issue. On July 1, 1876, in Davenport, Iowa Susan Glaspell was born. Susan was one of those writers that women’s inferiority in society bothered her. She wrote several literary works which are strongly feminist and discusses the roles that women forced to play in society and the relationships between men andRead MoreTrifles981 Words   |  4 PagesReview of â€Å"Trifles† Susan Glaspell play, â€Å"Trifles†, revolves around Mrs. Wright, a woman who seeks revenge on her husband for oppressing her through their years of marriage. During the time of Glaspell’s play, early 1900’s, men are the dominant figures in society and women are expected to cook, clean, raise children and care for their husbands. Glaspell’s play, â€Å"Trifles†, main goal is portraying a theme of women being oppressed through marriage by the use of symbolism through a canary and a birdRead MoreEssay on Feminist Themes of Susan Glaspells Plays1558 Words   |  7 Pages Susan Glaspell was one of the first great American female playwrights. Her plays are often short, one or two acts, but they tell a story greater than just what appears on the page. Three of her plays, Trifles (1916), Women’s Honor (1918), and The Verge (1921), have feminist themes that show the consequences of the oppression of women, as is the case with many of her plays. All three plays were written during the first wave of feminism, during which there was a push for women to have jobs and opportunitiesRead MoreFeminist in Susan Glaspell ´s Play Trifles999 Words   |  4 Pages Trifles In Susan Glaspell’s play Trifles a man has been murdered by his wife, but the men of the town who are in charge of investigating the crime are unable solve the murder mystery through logic and standard criminal procedures. Instead, two women (Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters) who visit the home are able to read a series of clues that the men cannot see because all of the clues are embedded in domestic items that are specific to women. The play at first it seems to be about mystery, but itRead MoreTrifles : A Dramatic Examination Of Gender Role1031 Words   |  5 PagesTrifles: A Dramatic Examination of Gender Role Trifles is a dramatic one act play written by American female playwright Susan Glaspell. The play examines through the framework of a murder mystery how rigid gender role dynamics in the early 20th century not only shaped people s thinking, but blinded them from seeing what would otherwise be clear as day to someone else. During the time the play was written the women s liberation movement had yet to take place. Women were strongly stereotyped andRead MoreFeminist Criticism Of Susan Glaspell s Trifles 1512 Words   |  7 Pagestheory shows us how patriarchal our society is and that’s how Susan Glaspell’s shows her work in her life time where women only had a few roles. They were to have house chores done, cook, and reproduce. Women in the early twentieth century felt it is time to stand up against patriarchal oppressions and which is why Glaspell’s work critiques the society we live in for restricting women. One of her most famous dramas, â€Å"Trifles† , Glaspell showed the females capability to stand up for one another. GenderRead MoreSusan Glaspell s A Jury Of Her Peers Essay982 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† by Susan Glaspell is now known as a feminist classic. Susan Glaspell first published the play â€Å"Trifles† in 1916 and was adapted to the short story â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† in 1917. The story was rediscovered in the early 1970s, since then it has been reprinted into textbooks and anthologies. It is said that while Glaspell was working as a reporter she was inspired to write â€Å"Trifles† and â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers.† The stories are inspired by a real murder case she was covering. TheRead MoreTrifles By Susan Glaspell1000 Words   |  4 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     In Trifles by Susan Glaspell, the author presents a predominant  theme of women and femininity. This theme reflects upon the underlying message of the play, that women are not treated fairly and are not seen in the same light as men. Susan Glaspell demonstrates the common assumptions made by men towards women in terms of roles and degrading their value/insight. Throughout the play, Glaspell provides many instances to where a woman’s value or insight is degraded. Hale demonstrates thisRead MoreLiterary Analysis of Susan Glaspells Trifles1788 Words   |  7 PagesAn Analysis of Natures in Susan Glaspells Trifles A trifle is something that has little value or importance, and there are many seeming trifles in Susan Glaspells one-act play Trifles. The irony is that these trifles carry more weight and significance than first seems to be the case. Just as Glaspells play ultimately reveals a sympathetic nature in Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale, the evidence that the men investigators fail to observe, because they are blind to the things that have importanceRead MoreTiffles Annotated Bibliography1375 Words   |  6 PagesTrifles Annotated Bibliography Alkalay-Gut, Karen. Jury of Her Peers: The Importance of Trifles. Studies in Short Fiction 21 (Winter 1984): 1-9. In this deeper look into Trifles, Karen goes through the plot and discusses what you should pay more attention too. She describes the symbolism in some of the objects as well as explain the scenes and their little details. Karen finds the difference between male and female perceptions of judgment to be central to the play. She explains that you

My Life and Statute of Frauds Free Essays

My Life and Statute of Frauds In 1677, the English Parliament passed the Statute of Frauds. It is a state statute under which certain types of contracts must be in writing to be enforceable. The primary purpose of the Statute of Frauds is to ensure that there is reliable evidence of the contracts and terms, and it is to prevent the possibility of a nonexistent agreement between two parties being â€Å"proved† by perjury or Fraud. We will write a custom essay sample on My Life and Statute of Frauds or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are 5 categories to which the contracts must to fall within the Statute of Frauds, which are: 1. Contracts involving interests in land – The statute applies to any contract for an interest in real estate. . Contracts that cannot by their term be performed within one year – The statute applies only to contracts that are objectively impossible to perform within one year from the contract’s formation. 3. Collateral promises – The statute applies only to express contracts made between the guarantor and the creditor whose terms make the guarantor secondarily liable. 4. Promises made in consideration of marriage- The Statute applies to a unilateral promise to make a monetary payment or to give property in consideration of marriage. 5. Contracts for the sale of goods priced at $500 or more. As we have seen, having a written contract helps many people to reduce the risk from misleading whenever they enter into the contracts. For example, there was a scenario case that had happened to me, and it helps me to figure out the important role of the Statute of Frauds to my life. I still remember in October last year, when I was surfing the craigslist, I found an ads said that a room for shared with a cheap price, but the owner, Jason, stated that whoever rent his place had to pay money ahead of time. I then called him and rented place. About five months after the day of contract formation, he asked to move out because he wanted to sell his house. As a result, I left the place without getting back my money. That was piss me off because I couldn’t enforce the contract, and there aren’t any recipes to prove that I had paid to him. Now, I understand that a written contract is really important. Therefore, whenever I make a deal with other people, if it’s possible, I would make a written contract. It is a brilliant choice because it protects me from fraud in oral contracts How to cite My Life and Statute of Frauds, Essays

Change Nonprofessional Investors Decision †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Change Nonprofessional Investors Decision? Answer: Introducation The IAASB has made the new reporting requirements with effect from the financial year ending 30th of June 2016 and the US PCAOB has declared that they will made their changes effective which will align with the IAASB. It depicts that they are in alignment with the effective dates from the beginning so that more and more information can be provided to the stakeholders of the company. Following are the changes made to the audit report: Applicability The US PCAOB has mentioned that the new reporting requirements will be made applicable only to the public companies which are listed in the recognised stock exchange and on the other hand the IAASB has mentioned that it is required for all types of entities whether it is listed on the recognized stock exchange or not (Giles, Venuti and Jones, 2014). An exception has been given where the key audit matters are required to be disclosed along with the engagement partner only in case of the listed entities (EY, 2014). Type of Matters Each reporting requirements have prescribed different reporting requirements under the new regime. In the case of US PCAOB, the matters have been named as Critical audit matters (Carmichael, 2014). These are defined as the areas where the auditor will have to do the very tedious and difficult task, have to be very subjective and at the last will have to do more complex and detailed judgments. In other words the areas which are very difficult for the auditor to conduct the audit and give their opinion on those areas. On the other hand the reporting requirements as mentioned in the IAASB have been mentioned as Key audit matters. The key audit matters are the matters which are related to the persons who are charged with the governance and it on an urgent basis requires the attention of the auditor and the management also. Therefore, the auditor is required to communicate the key audit matters in his independent auditors report. Tenure of the Auditor Under the US PCAOB, the tenure of the auditor is required to be mentioned as to after how many years the other auditor is required to be appointed whereas under the IAASB the period of the engagement of the auditor is not required to be addressed. Going Concern - Under the US PCAOB, the going concern is required to be mentioned separately in the separate part whereas under the IAASB the going concern is required to be disclosed only when there are indications that the going concern assumption can be affected and the related accounting policies were mentioned (AICPA, 2014). In this way, there have been the key changes which will help the investors of the market globally. Explain the reasons/motivation for the changes and critique whether these changes are likely to achieve their aims. In the earlier years the auditors have been providing their opinion of the financial statements of the company on the ad hoc basis by stating that the financial statements represents the true and fair view of the financial position and the financial performance of the company and by mentioning that the company has either followed the provisions of the accounting standards or violated the provisions of the accounting standards. While this approach is valuable in the earlier time but it has become valueless in the current scenario (Sylph, 2016). The shareholders, investors, financial institutions and other stakeholders want to have more and more insights of the companys details regarding its operations, its functioning, its performance and other related matters. With these challenges being faced by the stakeholders and society of the company, the regulatory authorities and the standard setting bodies have reacted with the new regimes under which the auditors will be required to say mor e (IASB, 2016). Yes, the changes will in all the ways made it possible to meet the challenges and thereby achieving the objectives of the company. The changes have been made with the addition of the communication of the key audit matters to management of the company in the independent auditors report. The same has been introduced by the International Auditing and Assurance Standard board with the introduction of the new Auditing Standard 701 (Christensen, 2014). On the other hand the public company accounting oversight board has introduced the auditing with the critical matters rather than the key matters. They both have provided the different meaning to the independent auditors report and somehow the stakeholders of the company including the shareholders want to have both the additional requirements of the consensus basis. It has been observed that the major issue has been of the alignment only so as to provide the global usage of the independents report but with this also the new change has seen t he sudden enhancement in the auditors report and now it is more informative and useful (Simnett and Huggins,2014). Outline the likely impact of the audit reporting on audit practice. The stakeholders will have the more and more information about the company like about its operations, functions and the results of the company. The discrepancy in accounting policy if any observed by the auditor and reported accordingly will help the investor to understand whether it will bring the deterioration of the business by having the liquidity problem, etc. For instance in the case of the ABC Learning centre, the company has been revaluating their intangibles over the years and they have made the same to the extent which have made the value of the intangibles equivalent to eighty percent of the total assets and the auditor has not reported the same fact in his auditor report. Due to which the company has gone for liquidation and had received the class suit for low value of the wealth of the shareholders. Therefore, by having the key changes in the auditors report, there will be positive impact across the globe. References AICPA, (2014), Substantive differences between the International Standards on Auditing and Generally Accepted Auditing Standards available at https://www.aicpa.org/interestareas/frc/auditattest/downloadabledocuments/clarity/substantive_differences_isa_gass.pdf accessed on 16/09/2017. Carmichael, D.R., (2014). The PCAOB and the social responsibility of the independent auditor.Accounting Horizons,18(2), pp.127-133. Christensen, B.E, (2014). Do critical audit matter paragraphs in the audit report change nonprofessional investors' decision to invest?.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,33(4), pp.71-93. EY, (2014), Enhancing the Auditors Report, available at https://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/EY-overview-enhancing-the-auditors-report/$FILE/EY-overview-enhancing-the-auditors-report.pdf accessed on 16/09/2017. Giles, J.P., Venuti, E.K. and Jones, R.C., (2014). The PCAOB and convergence of the global auditing and accounting profession.The CPA Journal,74(9), p.36. IASB, (2016), IAASB publishes comparison with the PCAOB auditor reporting proposal available at https://www.iasplus.com/en-us/news/2016/05/iaasb-pcaob-compare-report accessed on 16/09/20017. Simnett, R. and Huggins, A., (2014). Enhancing the auditor's report: to what extent is there support for the IAASB's proposed changes?.Accounting Horizons,28(4), pp.719-747. Sylph J, (2016), The New Auditors Report : A Comparison between the ISAs and the US PCAOB Re proposal available at https://www.shinnihon.or.jp/shinnihon-library/publications/issue/us/gaap-weekly-update/pdf/GAAP-2016-06-14-01.pdf accessed on 16/09/2017.

Is global warming happening and are humans to blam Essays

Is global warming happening and are humans to blame? These questions are being asked more and more frequently by people who believe Earth's temperature is climbing at an alarming rate. Our planet's ever changing climate has captured the attention of those who would agree that without a change in our behaviour, we will ultimately destroy the world we live in. In the following essay, I will describe the causes, effects and ways we could possibly slow down the effects of global warming. There are many causes of global warming. Some of the carbon emissions are just natural, like a volcano but most of the carbon emissions are man-made. The most important cause of global warming are the greenhouse gasses, most of which are generated by us humans. Some of the many greenhouse gasses include methane, chlorofluorocarbons, sulphur dioxide, water vapour and most importantly, carbon dioxide. Greenhouse gasses has been rapidly increasing after the 20th Century because of population growth, advances in technology and a bigger economy. One of the manmade causes behind global warming is ozone depletion. The ozone layer in the atmosphere is a layer of gas which blocks out harmful UV rays from the sun. Day by day the ozone is declining because of the use of chlorofluorocarbons. This gas is used in many places which include aerosols, refrigerators, and cleaning fluids which gradually release this gas. Without a shield to block the UV rays, the greenhouse gasses absorb it, wh ich ultimately increase global warming. According to research, it has been estimated to be an ozone hole which is twice the size of Antarctica. The effects of global warming are becoming more clear in the recent years, as there are more sources for greenhouse gas emissions. According to the US geological survey, bout 150 glaciers in Montana Glacier National Park have been affected in the last 100 years. Because of rapid climate change, this figure is now at 20 glaciers. The Earth is also getting warmer. This might sound like a good thing, but thousands of animal species will die out because of to hotter temperatures. It has been recorded that the year 2012 was the hottest year since 1895 and the year 2013 was the hottest since 1880. This means there will be longer summers and shorter winters which can disturb animal migration cycles. With warmer weather, there will also be a rise in sea level because there will be more ice melting, especially in the north and south poles. This rise in sea levels can cause many low-lying and inhabited islands to submerge underwater. Huge levels of climate change and globa l warming are making unpredictable weather and hurricanes more dangerous and powerful. An increase in global temperature can also have an effect on the atmosphere such as changes in air circulation in the atmosphere, heavy storms, declining ozone layer, occurrence of more hurricanes, floods, droughts and so much more. There are many programs and awareness campaigns wanting to reduce the amount of greenhouse gasses which are run by governments, NGOs (non-government organisations), business leaders and private sectors. Some damage caused by of global warming cannot be reversed such as melting ice caps. We should try to reduce our carbon emissions now .. To reduce greenhouse gasses overdrive electric or solar powered cars. Instead of burning coal and other fossil fuels for energy, we can turn to renewable sources such as solar power, hydroelectric power and wind power. If every country adapted to these, we can slow down or even stop global warming. In conclusion, there is very little doubt that global warming will change our climate in the next century. So what are the solutions to global warming? First, there must be an international political solution for fewer carbon emissions. Second, funding for developing cheap and clean energy production must be increased, as all economic development is based on increasing energy usage. We must not pin all our hopes in global politics and clean energy technology, so we must prepare for the worst and adapt.

amylase essays

amylase essays The enzyme amylase will catalyze the hydrolysis of starch to maltose when the pH is near 7.0. But when the HCl is added to the solution the amylase will be denatured which results in the enzyme being deactivated. The iodine serves as an indicator for the presence of starch. Iodine (I2) will reach with iodide ion to produce the I3- ion. This ion will form a dark blue complex with the Like most chemical reactions, the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction increases as the temperature is raised. A ten degree Centigrade rise in temperature will increase the activity of most enzymes by 50 to 100%. Variations in reaction temperature as small as 1 or 2 degrees may introduce changes of 10 to 20% in the results. In the case of enzymatic reactions, this is complicated by the fact that many enzymes are adversely affected by high temperatures. As shown in Figure 13, the reaction rate increases with temperature to a maximum level, then abruptly declines with further increase of temperature. Because most animal enzymes rapidly become denatured at temperatures above 40C, most enzyme determinations are carried out somewhat Over a period of time, enzymes will be deactivated at even moderate temperatures. Storage of enzymes at 5C or below is generally the most suitable. Some enzymes lose their activity when . As amylase breaks down starch, less and less starch will be present and the color of the solution (if iodine is added) will become lighter and lighter. Enzymes are biological molecules that catalyze many different chemical reactions. With few exceptions, all enzymes are proteins and each enzyme is specific to a certain chemical reaction. Enzymes must maintain a specific three dimensional structure in order to function properly. If an enzyme's structure is altered (by heat or harsh chemicals) it may not function at all. This ...

Principle of Retribution for International Crimes Essay

Principle of Retribution for International Crimes - Essay Example h. Without a coherent philosophical theory of criminal punishment to justify international criminal justice, the mere authority or "permission" to apply a set of norms to international criminals remains vacuous. If such trials cannot provide substantive justice in a philosophically meaningful sense, they are more deeply flawed than any procedural objection would reveal. (John, 2001) The idea that all criminals should be punished for their illicit deeds, regardless of their political position, is at the heart of the modern international criminal law regime. The former argues that the benefits, over either the short or long run, of punishing people such as Goring or Saddam Hussein in a legal forum justify such trials. Such thinkers point to the usual battery of utilitarian arguments for punishment: deterring future crimes, establishing a historical record of the criminal acts, reforming lawbreakers, providing a sense of closure to their victims, and so forth The other, more abstract view declares that justice itself demands that these people be punished independent of any harmful or beneficial consequences that may arise from their trial. For retributivists, other benefits of punishment, though desirable in themselves, are morally insignificant. It is the latter view that is the only valid justification for trying the unique sorts of crimes that the international courts have been designed to handle. (Larry, 2005) Arnaud does not argue for the philosophical soundness of retributivism as such, nor he defendes the philosophical legitimacy of war-crimes trials in general. Specifically, he stated that one cannot make sense out of the intuitions, values, and beliefs that stand behind the current movement toward international criminal trials and war-crimes trials (or their shared ideology, if you will (Arnaud 2004, 1) unless one understands it to be rooted in a retributivist theory of punishment. While the term "ideology" is a loaded one, it nonetheless captures the point: the ideology standing behind modern international criminal law and the laws of war displays a noted bias in favor of the retributivist principles articulated by Kant (among others). Ultimately, war-crimes trials do not provide the greatest happiness for the greatest number. (Christopher 2002, 43-61) Despite some important philosophical differences among individual thinkers, retributivists share some common central beliefs. For these thinkers, the rationale for punishment is "metaphysical" in character in the sense that it is rooted in abstract principles of justice and right. Justice is the independent, nonmaterial motivation for punishment, and it serves as the sole determining ground for punishment. Punishment by a court (poena forensis) ... can never be inflicted merely as a

Music Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Music - Assignment Example In a capitalistic society where achievement is equated with the demand for his work (and its profitability), even the most gifted artists are not spared from commercialization. Quite often beauty is defined by popular following and not by sheer artistry. With this mixture of art and commercialism in the music world, composers should face a challenging frontier in front of him to vie for success. He should balance the inventive search towards the noble and the new in the artistic society and the critical search for mass customer appeal in the business world. Given this let inalienable fact, let us now elaborate the necessary elements that composers should consider in producing his masterpiece. Just like in any field of art, music is a product of mixture of different elements artistically combined together to produce beautiful melodies. Before the ensemble became a concrete reality, a composer should initially brew up an idea. Ideas don't come naturally. It comes from numerous sources. It can come from adopting the sounds of nature, from another musical piece, or from sheer imagination. It can even come from a painful and moving experience. Almost any event that are deeply instilled in a person's emotional and mental faculties are rich sources for ideas. All it takes for a composer is to be keen to the changes that happen within and/or around him. Sources of Ideas Liftoff laid down several sources of ideas for composers based from the first-hand experiences of actual composers: The first is, as mentioned above, the environment where a person is. For a gifted artist, any stimulus is a potential source of ideas. Therefore a composer should develop astuteness in the picking up the signals in his environment to come up with creative concepts. Also by way of analysis to his environment, composers can create melodies and even possible lyrics for his next musical endeavour. Bob Dylan, for example, used music as a medium to convey his anti-war opinions and sentiments. Paul Simon and Arthur Garfunkel of the famed musical duo Simon and Garfunkel produced musical masterpieces on themes of friendship and social awareness. Another source of ideas is the analysis of his inner thoughts and feelings. This is why love songs are listened by different cultures everywhere. They convey the feelings one has towards his loved ones accompanied with musical tunes and melodies. Music is a powerful tool to express one's emotions. Through this a composer can deliver his joy, frustration, sorrow, or any other emotions using its power. A composer should also consider the theme of his work. It should have universal appeal. A good musical piece can enchant listeners across different cultures and boundaries. This is true especially now that, through technology, musical works can be transported and heard in different nations. Experiencing foreign cultures is another method by which a composer can generate ideas. The novelty and the unique experience that a person has in an unfamiliar culture and environment is a fertile soil where musical pieces can bloom. Each culture presents a unique and exciting musical style that can be partially used as raw material for future creations. A composer should also be updated to the latest musical pieces not only within his area but also in other nations. Most musical innovations

History and Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History and Literature - Essay Example History plays a decisive role in developing a nation’s culture. Literature, in turn, is based upon the culture of a nation. Thus, history affects the literature of a nation through culture. A lot of books have been published on the great battles that have occurred in the world from time to time. Other books that are not directly written on wars reflect the impacts of war on the society in different ways. Owing to the great role of history in shaping a nation’s literature, both are considered subordinates of each other. History brings facts into literature. In the contemporary age, facts and figures are valued a lot. Facts and figures play a fundamental role in enhancing the value of literature. Literature progresses with research. Research is fundamentally based on the literature review pertaining to the topic of research. Audience looks out for numeric figures that fundamentally come from the history. In the modern age, people are obsessed with the notion of â€Å"not hing but facts†. This has created a lot of schism between predictions and forecasts made on the basis of historic data. Nowadays, predictions are of no scientific value. Researchers are required to extrapolate the past trends to estimate the future. We get to learn a lot about history from the stories we read.

Introduction The Noon Group Marketing Essay

Introduction The Noon Group Marketing Essay Noon Group of Companies is being managed by the Noon family. The group has qualified and experienced professionals. The Noon Group of Pakistan strives to improve its profitability and safeguard its stakeholders interest while maintaining highest quality standards and serving the community. The Noon Group of Companies has various business ventures and Noon Pakistan Limited is one such profitable venture of the Group. Apart from Noon Pakistan Limited a brief description of the other business ventures are as follows:- 1.Noon Sugar Mills Limited This venture was incorporated in 1964 and manufactures white sugar. Initial crushing capacity was 1500 MT of sugarcane which has been increased to 4000 MT over the passage of time. In 1986 an alcohol distillery was setup to manufacture industrial alcohol. The total number of people employed is 683 and currently efforts are underway to increase the crushing capacity to 8000 MT/day. (Nurpur Foods-About Noon Group) 2.Pioneer Cement Limited Pioneer Cement Limited was incorporated in 1985 with a total investment of Rs.2660 million and production capacity of 630000 tons per annum. The plant is situated in Chenki, Khushab. The project was financed by a consortium of foreign lenders led by the Asian Development Bank. Efforts are underway for another line having a capacity of 6000 MT/day. (Nurpur Foods-About Noon Group) 3.Noon International Private Limited Noon International (Pvt) Limited is a trading company which was established in 1972. The company employs 43 people including a team of 15 professional sales engineers. This firm represents various international companies of repute in Pakistan and markets their equipment in the fields of textile, power generation, sugar, fertilizer, chemical, steel, cement, food and milling. (Nurpur Foods-About Noon Group) 4.Textile Technics Private Limited Incorporated in 2004 with a total investment of Rs 100 million, Textile Technics is a joint venture between M/S Blue Reed of Spain and Noon International Private Limited. The project has a production capacity of 22000 meters of reed per annum. (Nurpur Foods-About Noon Group) 5.Textile Services Textile Services was established in 1994 and provides services to over 200 customers of Sulzer Textile Projectile Weaving Machines. The company employs 32 people and provides training, technical service and spare parts for clients. (Nurpur Foods-About Noon Group) NOON PAKISTAN LIMITED Incorporated in 1966 with a total investment of 553 million, Noon Pakistan Limited produces various products namely Butter, Cheese, UHT milk, HCLF, Pasteurized milk, Flavored milk, Juices, Water, Desi ghee, Honey and Jam. Installed capacity of the plant is 72000 Liters/2 shifts and there are 700 employees. Noon Pakistan Limited has been marketing its products under the brand name of Nurpur. The plant is located in Bhalwal, Sargodha while the head office is situated in Lahore. (Nurpur Foods-About Noon Group) The company has not only built a strong reputation over the past years but has also been able to offer a strong product portfolio to its consumers. Noon Pakistan Limited believes in optimum utilization of resources in order to secure the interests of major stakeholders and fulfilling its obligation as a responsible corporate citizen by serving the community. The company also utilizes rigorous quality control procedures at all stages to ensure supply of quality products to consumers. This has allowed the firm to increase its turnover from Rs 311.7 million in 2004 to Rs 2436.41 million in 2011. (Nurpur Foods-Company Profile) The year 2011 was a challenging year for Noon Pakistan Limited. Energy Crisis, security situation coupled with devastating floods had exerted significant pressure on the economy and cost of living. Higher inflationary trends continued impacting their key products particularly related to fresh milk when shortages led to a cost increase of 16% compared to last year. Additionally, higher growth of their products led to severe filling capacity constraints and the market demand could not be met fully. Despite all these challenges, the management made serious efforts to achieve performance objectives by effective product mix, controlling fixed costs and locating new cheaper sources of raw material. Economic trends, prolonged gas and electricity outages, severe competition in selling brands and procurement of raw milk are not expected to ease out during the coming months. Due to reduced buying power, trend in the market is changing fast as consumers are looking for cheaper products in small packages. Therefore the management at Noon Pakistan Limited has made plans to reassess the market requirements and also further improve their production efficiency. (Noon Pakistan Limited, 2011) VISION The vision statement of Noon Pakistan Limited is as follows:- Our vision at Nurpur is to be a transformative force in our community and world at large and to serve as a model of a sustainable business alternative that nurtures social and economic well being in an environmentally sensitive manner. (Nurpur Foods-Our vision) MISSION The mission statement of Noon Pakistan Limited is as follows:- Nurpur is committed to supplying the consumer and customer with the finest, high quality products and to be a leading industry in healthy and nutritious products. Nurpur supports these goals with a corporate philosophy of adhering to the highest ethical conduct in all its business dealings, treatment of its employees, and social and environmental policies. (Nurpur Foods-Our mission) CORE VALUES At Noon Pakistan Limited, consumers are at the forefront of everything they do. The core values of the company are as follows:- 1. Ideas are constantly challenged to develop next generation solutions. 2. Business is conducted openly and fairly while competing fiercely at the same time. 3. Team work is encouraged with individual flair for the best results. 4. Tough goals are set and challenged and beaten. 5. Preservation of the environment is valued and organic agriculture is sustained. 6. Mutually supportive relationships are valued among members of local and global communities. (Nurpur Foods-Core values) AWARDS AND CERTIFICATIONS Noon Pakistan Limited has won many prestigious awards and certifications which are as follows:- 1. First dairy company in Pakistan to be certified under ISO 22000:2005. 2. Brand of the year award (2006-07) in the category of Butter. 3. Brand of the year award (2007-08) in category of Butter, Cheese and flavored milk. 4. Brand of the year award (2008-09) in the category of Butter. (Nurpur Foods-Company Profile) PRODUCTION OVER THE PAST THREE YEARS PRODUCTION UNITS 2011 2010 2009 UHT Milk/Tea whitener Ltrs 30,940,079 20,385,290 16,246,333 UHT Flavored milk Ltrs 4,668,071 4,075,407 2,498,299 UHT Cream Ltrs 71,381 461,722 345,580 Butter Kgs 986,335 1,011,925 862,622 Milk powder Kgs 927,943 1,160,508 930,894 Cheese Kgs 203,146 206,508 194,020 Ghee Kgs 34,371 52,190 31,331 Pasteurized Milk Ltrs 4,911,778 2,663,294 1,806,733 Loose cream Ltrs 3,490 Jams and honey Kgs 34,032 42,812 23,735 Juices Ltrs 4,421,399 10,341,160 10,402,443 (Noon Pakistan Limited, 2011) THE PURCHASE DEPARTMENT OF NOON PAKISTAN LIMITED In order to get insights about the operations of the Purchase Department, two interviews were held with the Purchase Manager of Noon Pakistan Limited. The purchase manager of Noon Pakistan Limited is Mr.Malik Ashraf who has been with the firm since its establishment. The operations of the department and interview findings are described as follows:- The purchase department is responsible for purchasing all materials required by the head office and plant other then milk which is purchased at the milk collection centre in Bhalwal. Materials which are purchased by the department range from ordinary items like office and plant stationary to complex materials like Flavors, Spare parts for plant equipment and transportation vehicles, Chemicals, Fuel and everything related to the manufacturing process, Logistics and day to day operations. Demand for requisition comes from the factory and approval has to be given by the Managing Director. The purchase department currently has 4-5 employees. The purchase department stays in coordination with the plant and suppliers through phone and email and as such no software is currently being used by the department. The department uses a manual system of keeping records and storing files. The purchase department always keeps 3 copies of requisitions and delievery challans. One copy is sent to the pl ant, one copy is maintained with the purchase department and one copy is kept by the Purchase Manager. The major suppliers of Noon Pakistan Limited are SMC, Sitara Chemicals , Jeson Foods and Danisco. Everyone is involved in the purchase process including the General Manager, Purchase Manager and people from the plant. Payments to suppliers are made either on cash or credit through the head office. Credit terms depend on contacts and relations with suppliers and can range from 15 days up to a month. (Ashraf) According to Mr. Malik, Noon Pakistan Limited believes in maintaining healthy relations with Suppliers and this is one of the key strengths of the department. The primary reason given for this was that Juices and Milk factories in Pakistan have no second option since suppliers are limited and few. They have to purchase materials from the specified suppliers and bargaining power of suppliers is high in this regard. However if relations are good with suppliers not only do suppliers cooperate but may also be lenient in terms of credit. In this regard price does not play a major issue but a greater issue is that of availability of materials from suppliers. Mr. Malik also stated that in case of materials needed from local suppliers, the purchase department is given no time and purchase has to be made immediately. However when imported materials are required from foreign suppliers, the Purchase department is informed in advance as shipping takes time. Mr. Malik also stated that there is no fixed pattern of purchases made throughout the year and it all depends on plant and market requirements. The quality of materials purchased is checked at the plant and if there are defects the merchandise is returned to the supplier. Mr. Malik also stated that there is no HR department as such and the performance of the purchase department is monitored from the plant and the Managing Director. (Ashraf) When the Purchase Department gets a requisition from the plant, the respective supplier is contacted and a van or truck of the firm goes to the supplier along with delievery Challan. The goods are then transported to the plant. One issue which is being faced by the purchase department is lack of coordination with the plant. Mr.Malik pointed out an instance in which the plant actually required Diesel but in the requisition form mentioned Furnace Oil. He mentioned some employees in the plant try to trap the purchase department to lower its performance but due to his vast experience of working with the firm and keeping a personal record of purchases, he immediately gets to know about such issues. Mr.Malik described having more informal relations with local suppliers but with foreign suppliers a formal relation is kept. This is the primary difference in dealing between local and foreign suppliers. He also mentioned that Government Policies and Regulatory Environment do have an impact on prices because if the government increases prices, suppliers also have to increase their price. (Ashraf) A typical deliver challan and requisition form is given on the following page. Original documents have also been attached in the Annexure. DELIVERY CHALLAN Noon Pakistan Limited 1st Floor, Mustafa Centre, 45 F, Main Market, Gulberg Lahore Pakistan No._______ Date:_________ To, Manager, Noon Pakistan Limited, Bhalwal The following goods have been dispatched to you by Truck No_____________ SR# Description Qty. Amount Supplier Remarks Kindly Sign and Return Duplicate ____________________ _________________ Malik Mohammed Ashraf Bhalwal Store (Noon Pakistan Limited) NOON PAKISTAN LIMITED, BHALWAL DEMAND OF STORE TO BE PURCHASED DEMAND NO______ DATE____________ SR# Item Code Nominclature Specification Name A/U Qty Required Stock in Hand Last Purchase Date Rate/Unit Amount Remarks ____________ _______________ Store Manager General Manager (Noon Pakistan Limited) THE MARKETING DEPARTMENT OF NOON PAKISTAN LIMITED In order to study the operations of the Marketing Department, two interviews were conducted with Mr.Rizwan Khan who is the Marketing Manager at Noon Pakistan Limited and has been with the firm for the past 5 years. The questions asked during the interviews have been attached in the annexure. Details of the Marketing Department are as follows:- Marketing research activities are outsourced. The Marketing Department purchases monthly reports by different marketing research agencies like AC Nielson and Tetra Pak. In this way the marketing department stays in touch with the latest trends and competitor activities. The Marketing department comprises of one marketing manager and a brand manager. The Marketing Manager reports to the General Manager of Marketing and Sales while activities of the brand manager are monitored by the marketing manager. The brand manager is responsible for dealing with various agencies as all marketing research data and ATL as well as BTL activities are outsourced. Some of the agencies with which the marketing department works are SABB Marketing, Time and Space, Orient, HRK Communications, Aura Communications, TOPAZ Communications and ADZ Communications. These agencies prepare designs of print ads and commercials. The brand manager discusses the various designs with the Marketing Manager and after makin g necessary amendments and recommendations gives the approval to Marketing agencies. (Khan) The Marketing Department does its planning in the beginning of the year in coordination with the Sales Department. A monthly, yearly and 5 year plan is made. The Marketing Department is consulted in all strategic decisions made at the corporate level. There is no fixed method for determining the budget allocated to the Marketing Department and it all depends on various factors like last years profitability and market performance of various brands available in the market. In 2012, three new brands by the name of Yogo Yogo, Dairy Rozana and Jalwa have been launched. (Khan) The Marketing Strategy of Noon Pakistan Limited is Differentiation strategy. However the strategy to be adopted for each brand depends on the market performance and competitor activities. Since UHT milk is difficult to differentiate, the current strategy being adopted is to position it as a milk which is enriched with vitamins needed for healthy growth and development. The target market of UHT milk is Housewives and working females as well as males. Different SKUs are being used to target different Socio Economic Classes like the 1000ml pack is targeted for SEC-A while the 200ml and 250ml packs are targeted towards low income households. The main competitor brands of Nurpur Milk are Olpers, Milk Pak, Good Milk and Haleeb. The marketing department does not go for an offensive strategy because Nestle and Engro are huge giants with bundle of resources. Noon Pakistan Limited can be classified as an Analyzer. Another reason for not adopting an offensive strategy is that volumes are low. I mportance is not given to gain shelf space because there production volumes are so low that everything sells out due to high demand of UHT milk. Recently a new brand by the name of Dairy Rozana has been launched as a flanker brand to compete with the brand Dairy Omung of Engro. (Khan) The main weakness of the Marketing Department is that very little attention is being paid towards building brand equity. The department is focusing on increasing sales which is a short term approach rather than focusing on building their brands. The details about how the Marketing Department is managing the marketing mix of Nurpur milk is described in a later section. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE MARKETING DEPARTMENT (Noon Pakistan Limited) The Brand Manager is responsible for dealing with various Marketing Agencies and reports to the Marketing Manager. The Marketing Manager reports to the General Manager of Sales and Marketing. (Khan) THE SALES DEPARTMENT OF NOON PAKISTAN LIMITED In order to study the operations of the Sales Department, two interviews were conducted with Mr.Nauman Butt who is the Sales Analyst at Noon Pakistan Limited and has been with the firm for a year. The questions asked in the interview have been attached in the annexure. The organizational structure of the Sales Department comprises of the General Manager of Sales and Marketing, National Sales Manager, Regional Sales Manager, Area Sales Manager, Field Managers and Sales Officers. The job description of the Field Manager and Sales Officer is the same but position of Field Manager is superior because those Sales Officers whose performance is consistently outstanding are made Field Managers. Territories have been assigned according to location and comprises of Central Zone, Southern Punjab zone and Northern zone which includes RWL/AJK, Hazara belt and Pakhtoon.K belt. Distribution is limited in Quetta and Multan because of heavy freight expenses. The process of forecasting yearly sales is that last years closing sales are doubled and the amount is set as the Sales Target for the next year. Sales Quotas are assigned to Salesmen depending on the Area and potential. Other factors which are taken into account while assigning quotas are the seasonality issue because milk production and demand fluctuates throughout the year. There are more than 280 distributors all over the country and each Sales Officer has to monitor and look after 3-4 distributors. The Sales department also relies on individual projections from the Sales Team when deciding upon monthly and quarterly targets. If a salesman is unable to achieve his target in the specified time, he has to achieve both, the remaining target as well as the target allocated in the next period. If targets are continuously not being achieved the Salesman is fired. The salesmen who achieve targets are awarded with bonuses and cash rewards. In order to motivate the sales team, a sales competition is held and winner of Sales Man of the Year is rewarded. Besides having a Sales competition, vacation trips are also planned to motivate the Sales Team. If targets set in the year 2012 are met, the entire Sales Team will go on a vacation to Dubai on the companys expenses. Noon Pakistan Limited has als o started exporting its products to countries like England, Kenya and Afghanistan. The documentation process to export products involves the Performa Invoice, E-Form Attestation, Commercial Invoice, Packing List, Certificate of Origin and Analysis Report. (Butt) ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF SALES DEPARTMENT Pakhtoon.K Belt SO Rawalpindi Field Manager Inst.S.Executive Sales Coordinator Southern Punjab Zone GM Sales/Mkt SO SO FM ASM RWL/AJK Hazara belt RWL/AJK belt RSM Multan SO SO SO SO SO SO Faisalabad SO Sargodha FM Gujrat FM SO ASM P.milk FM I.SIndh FM Karachi Inst.SO FM ASM Sales Analyst North Zone South Region Head Office NSM Central Zone (Noon Pakistan Limited) PRODUCT PORTFOLIO AND PRICE LIST Product Packing Unit/Ctn Retailer Margin Trade Price Consumer Price 1.UHT MILK Ctns Units Ctns Units 1000ml 12 6.09% 1018 84.83 1080 90 200ml 24 4.35% 391 16.29 408 17 250ml 27 5.97% 586 21.7 621 23 2.CHAI MIX Ctns Units Ctns Units 250ml 27 6.38% 533 19.74 567 21 200ml 24 5.97% 385 16.04 408 17 3.BUTTER KGs Units KGs Units 200gm 30 8.00% 463 92.6 500 100 100gm 60 12.70% 488 48.8 550 55 50gm 120 13.20% 530 26.5 600 30 20gm 300 13.20% 530 10.6 600 12 10gm 600 13.20% 530 5.3 600 6 1KG white 20 11.80% 8500 425 9500 475 4.CHEESE Ctns Units Ctns Units 200gm cottage 42 9.10% 6930 165 7560 180 200gm slice 36 16.10% 5580 155 6480 180 225gm chedder 40 14.90% 5920 148 6800 170 225gm spicy 40 14.90% 5920 148 6800 170 225gm mozarella 40 14.60% 6980 174.5 8000 200 450gm chedder 20 13.40% 6880 344 7800 390 450gm mozarella 20 13.60% 8800 440 10000 500 1.8Kg mozarella 4 13.10% 5128 1282 5800 1450 1Kg slice 8 13.60% 5072 634 5760 720 1Kg slice (KFC) 8 13.60% 5072 634 5760 720 2Kg Chedder 4 12.10% 3924 981 4400 1100 5.CREAM P/Tray Units P/Tray Units 250ml 27 4.20% 1200 44.44 1250 46.3 6.PASTEURIZED MILK P/Tray Litres P/Tray Liters 1000ml 10 11.70% 600 60 670 67 500ml 20 13.30% 600 30 680 34 7.FLAVORED MILK Ctns Units Ctns Units 250ml 12 13.30% 233 19.42 264 22 200ml 12 12.10% 214 17.83 240 20 8.PURE JUICES Ctns Units Ctns Units Apple 1000ml 12 6.10% 792 66 840 70 Guava 1000ml 12 6.10% 792 66 840 70 Orange 1000ml 12 7.10% 840 70 900 75 Pineapple 1000ml 12 6.10% 792 66 840 70 Mango 1000ml 12 6.10% 792 66 840 70 Apple 200ml 24 11.80% 322 13.42 360 15 Orange 200ml 24 11.80% 322 13.42 360 15 Mango 200ml 24 15.40% 312 13 360 15 9.YOGO YOGO Ctns Units Ctns Units 200ml 12 8.70% 276 23 300 25 10.DESI GHEE Ctns Units Ctns Units 1Kg 6 7.50% 2232 372 2400 400 11.JAMS 1.5Kg Units 1.5Kg Units Strawberry 15gm 600 14.30% 385 3.85 440 4.4 Apple 15gm 600 14.30% 385 3.85 440 4.4 Marmalad 15gm 600 14.30% 385 3.85 440 4.4 Honey 15gm 600 14.30% 385 3.85 440 4.4 12.DAIRY ROZANA 1.5Kg Units 1.5Kg Units 1000ml 12 6.12% 735 61.25 780 65 250ml 27 6.11% 458 16.96 486 18 13.JALWA Ctns Units Ctns Units 250ml 27 6.21% 483 17.89 513 19 200ml 24 5.88% 340 14.17 360 15 (Noon Pakistan Limited) MARKETING MIX OF NURPUR UHT MILK Nurpur UHT milk has been positioned as a milk which is enriched with vitamins needed for healthy growth and development. The milk is packed in Tetra Aseptic Packaging which allows long lasting storage and shelf space. Currently three SKUs are available in the market which are 200ml, 250ml and 1000ml. (Khan) Initially the pricing policy adopted for Nurpur milk was market penetration pricing, which means prices were low compared to competing brands. Recently the pricing policy has been changed and now the pricing policy is competitive pricing policy as shown below:- Product Packing Unit/Ctn Retailer Margin Trade Price Consumer Price 1.UHT MILK Ctns Units Ctns Units 1000ml 12 6.09% 1018 84.83 1080 90 200ml 24 4.35% 391 16.29 408 17 250ml 27 5.97% 586 21.7 621 23 (Khan) (Noon Pakistan Limited) Due to low volumes produced the company has adopted the policy of selective distribution. The company offers various discounts to retailers to push their products into the market. The indirect distribution channel being used is shown below:- (Khan) Due to limited marketing budgets, the marketing department has to promote most of the products through Below The Line(BTL) activities. Outdoor advertising, hoardings, flyers, Trader Schemes, Taste and trial promotion activities, posters, streamers, buntings and wobblers are mostly used. Even though some commercials have been aired on television, lack of budgets restricts the marketing department from making use of Above The Line advertising effectively. (Khan) SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTHS Market leadership in selected product categories Strong and Experienced Sales Team Strong Supplier relationship Brand Loyal Customers Strict adherence to Quality Standards First dairy company in Pakistan to be certified under ISO 22000:2005 WEAKNESSES Weak coordination among departments No emphasis on building brand equity No formal HR Department Centralized Decision Making No policy of recruiting fresh blood Selective Distribution OPPORTUNITIES Exporting products to foreign countries Increased demand for dairy products due to urbanization and increasing population Ensuring availability in untapped markets Launching innovative products for health conscious consumers Going for backward integration THREATS Reliance on few suppliers Rising prices of sugar Rising prices of oil increasing transportation expenses Energy and Power Crises

Edgar Allan Poes Life and Work Essay -- Edgar Allan Poe biography, wr

Edgar Allan Poe was an excellent horror, suspense, and mystery writer of the eighteenth century. His use of literary devices and different literary techniques makes this writer important to American literature. This paper will show how Edgar Allan Poe has made an impact on Society and American literature as well as how Edgar Allan Poe developed the short story. I will also discuss and analyze some of his works and techniques he uses in his short stories and poems. Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts on January 19, 1809. His parents, who were actors, died when Poe was a small child. Poe was then adopted and raised by John Allan, a tobacco exporter, and Frances Allan in Richmond, Virginia (Magill, 1640). Poe was sent to the best schools because of Allan’s job. When Poe was six years old he was sent to private school. Poe kept studying and went to the University of Virginia for one year. After one year in the University Poe quit school because Allan refused to pay his debts, and he did not have money to pay for Poe’s education. Later, Poe left Boston in 1827 where he enlisted in the army. Poe served two years in the military after he quit school. After two years in the military Poe was dismissed for neglect of duty. His foster father then disowned him permanently. He stayed very little time there because Allan, once again, refused to send Poe any money. (Hoffman, Daniel) Edgar Allan Poe went to New York City where he had some of his work published. He submitted his stories to a number of magazines and they were all rejected. Poe had no friends, no job and he was having financial trouble. He wrote a letter to John Allan but he did not help Poe with his financial problems. Four years later in 1835 Poe finally got ... ...story writers all over the world. Although he had an unusual, unique, and peculiar way of writing he still had a great influence and impact on society during his time, up to the present day. Poe’s writing has changed the way present day writers write about love, pride, beauty and death. Works Cited Buranelli, Vincent. "Edgar Allan Poe". 28 October 2009 . Carlsen, G. Robert. Insights Themes in Literature. New York: Webster Division, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1967. Hoffman, Daniel. "Biography of Edgar Allan Poe". 26 October 2009 . "Literary elements used by Poe." 123HelpMe.com. 07 Jan 2010 . Magill, Frank N. Volume 5. New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 1991. Walker, Tara. The Raven. Canada: Ryan price, 2006 Edgar Allan Poe's Life and Work Essay -- Edgar Allan Poe biography, wr Edgar Allan Poe was an excellent horror, suspense, and mystery writer of the eighteenth century. His use of literary devices and different literary techniques makes this writer important to American literature. This paper will show how Edgar Allan Poe has made an impact on Society and American literature as well as how Edgar Allan Poe developed the short story. I will also discuss and analyze some of his works and techniques he uses in his short stories and poems. Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts on January 19, 1809. His parents, who were actors, died when Poe was a small child. Poe was then adopted and raised by John Allan, a tobacco exporter, and Frances Allan in Richmond, Virginia (Magill, 1640). Poe was sent to the best schools because of Allan’s job. When Poe was six years old he was sent to private school. Poe kept studying and went to the University of Virginia for one year. After one year in the University Poe quit school because Allan refused to pay his debts, and he did not have money to pay for Poe’s education. Later, Poe left Boston in 1827 where he enlisted in the army. Poe served two years in the military after he quit school. After two years in the military Poe was dismissed for neglect of duty. His foster father then disowned him permanently. He stayed very little time there because Allan, once again, refused to send Poe any money. (Hoffman, Daniel) Edgar Allan Poe went to New York City where he had some of his work published. He submitted his stories to a number of magazines and they were all rejected. Poe had no friends, no job and he was having financial trouble. He wrote a letter to John Allan but he did not help Poe with his financial problems. Four years later in 1835 Poe finally got ... ...story writers all over the world. Although he had an unusual, unique, and peculiar way of writing he still had a great influence and impact on society during his time, up to the present day. Poe’s writing has changed the way present day writers write about love, pride, beauty and death. Works Cited Buranelli, Vincent. "Edgar Allan Poe". 28 October 2009 . Carlsen, G. Robert. Insights Themes in Literature. New York: Webster Division, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1967. Hoffman, Daniel. "Biography of Edgar Allan Poe". 26 October 2009 . "Literary elements used by Poe." 123HelpMe.com. 07 Jan 2010 . Magill, Frank N. Volume 5. New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 1991. Walker, Tara. The Raven. Canada: Ryan price, 2006

Role of different Agency in my Socialization

Socialization is a term used to refer to the lifelong process of inheriting and disseminating norms, customs and ideologies, providing an individual with the skills and habits necessary for participating within his or her own society. Socialization is thus ‘the means by which social and cultural continuity are attained.’Socialization helps me learn to function successfully in my social worlds. How does the process of socialization occur? How do we learn to use the objects of our society’s material culture? How do we come to adopt the beliefs, values, and norms that represent its nonmaterial culture? This learning takes place through interaction with various agents of socialization, like peer groups and families, plus both formal and informal social institutions.In each stage of my life there are influences or agents of socialization who have an impact on my socialization and the messages of socialization being received. As I develop and advance in psychosocial dev elopment, the agents become stronger or weaker in their capacity for influence. Early in my development, the family is, of course, the strongest agent, but I advances to preschool age, programs or schools begin to exert influence. At school age, peers are active socialization agents. For the first eight years, family, school, community, and peers play a role in the following aspects of a child's socialization: The development of trustThe development of independence The tendency to take initiative The sense of competence and ambition Decisions about who one is Relationships with others Decisions about future generations Reflections on one's life Social groups often provide the first experiences of socialization. Families, and later peer groups, communicate expectations and reinforce norms. People first learn to use the tangible objects of material culture in these settings, as well as being introduced to the beliefs and values of society.Family: The family is the most important prima ry group in the society. It is  the simplest but most elementary form of the society. The meaning of the family can be explained better by the following definitions. M.F. Nimkoff says that â€Å"Family is a more or less durable association of husband and wife with or without child, or of a man or women alone with children.† Burgess and Locke says that â€Å"Family is a group of persons united by ties of marriage, blood or adoption constituting a single household interacting and intercommunicating with each other in their respective social roles of husband and wife, father and mother, son and daughter†Family is the first agent of socialization. Mothers and fathers, siblings and grandparents, plus members of an extended family, all teach me what I need to know. For example, they show me how to use objects (such as clothes, computers, eating utensils, books, bikes); how to relate to others (some as â€Å"family,† others as â€Å"friends,† still others as à ¢â‚¬Å"strangers† or â€Å"teachers† or â€Å"neighbors†); and how the world works (what is â€Å"real† and what is â€Å"imagined†). As you are aware, either from your own experience as a child or your role in helping to raise one, socialization involves teaching and learning about an unending array of objects and ideas. It is important to keep in mind, however, that families do not socialize us in a vacuum.Many social factors impact how a family raises its children. For example, we can use sociological imagination to recognize that individual behaviors are affected by the historical period in which they take place. Sixty years ago, it would not have been considered especially strict for a father to hit his son with a wooden spoon or a belt if he misbehaved, but today that same action might be considered child abuse. Sociologists recognize that race, social class, religion, and other societal factors play an important role in socialization. For exam ple, poor families usually emphasize obedience and conformity when raising their children, while wealthy families emphasize judgment and creativity (National Opinion Research Center 2008).This may be because working-class parents have less education and more repetitive-task jobs for which the ability to follow rules and to conform helps. Wealthy parents tend to have better educations and often work in managerial positions or in careers that require creative problem solving, so they teach their children behaviors that would be beneficial in these positions. This means that children are effectively socialized and raised to take the types  of jobs that their parents already have, thus reproducing the class system (Kohn 1977). Likewise, children are socialized to abide by gender norms, perceptions of race, and class-related behaviors. In Sweden, for instance, stay-at-home fathers are an accepted part of the social landscape. A government policy provides subsidized time off work 480 days for families with newborns—with the option of the paid leave being shared between both mothers and fathers.As one stay-at-home dad says, being home to take care of his baby son â€Å"is a real fatherly thing to do. I think that’s very masculine† (Associated Press 2011). School: Most Bangladeshi children spend about seven hours a day, 180 days a year, in school, which makes it hard to deny the importance school has on our socialization. We are not only in school to study math, reading, science, and other subjects—the manifest function of this system. Schools also serve a latent function in society by socializing children into behaviors like teamwork, following a schedule, and using textbooks.School and classroom rituals, led by teachers serving as role models and leaders, regularly reinforce what society expects from children.Sociologists describe this aspect of schools as the hidden curriculum, the informal teaching done by schools. For example, in the Bangladesh, schools have built a sense of competition into the way grades are awarded and the way teachers evaluate students. When children participate in a relay race or a math contest, they learn that there are winners and losers in society. When children are required to work together on a project, they practice teamwork with other people in cooperative situations. The hidden curriculum prepares children for the adult world. Children learn how to deal with bureaucracy, rules, expectations, waiting their turn, and sitting still for hours during the day.Schools in different cultures socialize children differently in order to prepare them to function well in those cultures. The latent functions of teamwork and dealing with bureaucracy are features of American culture.Schools also socialize children by teaching them about citizenship and national pride. In the United States, children are taught to say the Pledge of Allegiance. Most districts require classes about U.S. history and geography. As academic understanding of history evolves, textbooks in the United States have been scrutinized and revised to update attitudes toward other cultures as well as perspectives on historical events; thus, children are socialized to a  different national or world history than earlier textbooks may have done. For example, information about the mistreatment of African Americans and Native American Indians more accurately reflects those events than in textbooks of the past.Peer group: A peer group is made up of people who are similar in age and social status and who share interests. Peer group socialization begins in the earliest years, such as when I was kids on a playground teach younger children the norms about taking turns or the rules of a game or how to shoot a basket. As I grow into teenagers, this process continues. Peer groups are important to adolescents in a new way, as they begin to develop an identity separate from their parents and exert independence. Addi tionally, peer groups provide their own opportunities for socialization since kids usually engage in different types of activities with their peers than they do with their families. Peer groups provide adolescents’ first major socialization experience outside the realm of their families. Interestingly, studies have shown that although friendships rank high in adolescents’ priorities, this is balanced by parental influence.Religion: While some religions may tend toward being an informal institution, this section focuses on practices related to formal institutions. Religion is an important avenue of socialization for many people. The United States is full of synagogues, temples, churches, mosques, and similar religious communities where people gather to worship and learn. Like other institutions, these places teach participants how to interact with the religion’s material culture (like a mezuzah, a prayer rug, or a communion wafer). For some people, important cere monies related to family structure—like marriage and birth—are connected to religious celebrations. Many of these institutions uphold gender norms and contribute to their enforcement through socialization. From ceremonial rites of passage that reinforce the family unit, to power dynamics which reinforce gender roles, religion fosters a shared set of socialized values that are passed on through society.Mass media: Mass media refers to the distribution of impersonal information  to a wide audience, such as what happens via television, newspapers, radio, and the Internet. With the average person spending over four hours a day in front of the TV (and children averaging even more screen time), media greatly influences social norms (Roberts, Foehr, and Rideout 2005). I learn about objects of material culture (like new technology and transportation options), as well as nonmaterial culture—what is true (beliefs), what is important (values), and what is expected (norms ).Community: Large social network that families can use as a support system is called community. It can consist of people who live in the same town, area, or even neighborhood Include a group of people who share the same values or interests such as religion, sports, etc. The community’s purpose in the socialization process Children’s first interactions with the local community is where community can help develop my identity (self-concept) and how I fit into the group setting (group identity). I can learn self- control, social skills and values of society when they are in these community based programs.Community Institutions School After school child care programs Churches Libraries Parks Support services offered by local agencies Example: hospitals, police, fire departments, etc. BG the Tiger, Boys and Girls Club Mascot Religion and churches are vital institutions the communities. They serve various functions in the community.It can range from helping the homeless, to charity events, and going on field trips. This is a good way for children to meet other children in their faith, and become active leaders in their community. Development and Socialization Children in community are exposed to many other children and learn the skills to play and be friends with them. They are also exposed to children from other cultures, ethnicities and socioeconomic backgrounds. It’s important for children to have interaction with each other by playing, doing art projects and other various activities; which they will learn to socialize better instead of staying home where their social interaction with other people is limited.All in all, community as socialization agent is a great way for children to interact with the community, find friends who also love the same activities as them, and most of all, learning about themselves and the social roles.If there weren’t any community programs or after school programs in the year 2008 then the lives of children and their family would  be very difficult. During this fast moving, flourishing time in the U.S. history we depend on the community programs and schools to help take care of our children. As for the saying, â€Å"It takes a village (community) to raise a child,† it means that we all need to take a part in help raising not only our children, but our neighbor’s children because they are our future and we need to help the children become positive adults. Law: Law is one of the important agencies in my socialization. MYexperiences in interactions with police and other legal actors subtly shape their perceptions of the relation between individuals and society.These experiences influence the development of adolescents' notions about law, rules, and agreements among members of society, and about the legitimacy of authority to deal fairly with citizens who violate society's rules. It is likely that these beliefs influence compliance with the law, both among adolescents in g eneral and among juvenile offenders in particular, after they have been sanctioned for their offenses. Because one focus of the Network's activity is on understanding influences on patterns of desistance or re-offending, we are concerned about youths' understanding of and participation in legal processes that express societal norms, their assessments of the fairness of the process, and their views of the legitimacy of the law and the institutions that enforce it.Legal socialization, the process through which individuals acquire attitudes and beliefs about the law, has received only scant attention from those interested in adolescent development. It includes both affective components (e.g., the extent to which one feels fairly treated by representatives of the legal system, sometimes referred to as â€Å"procedural justice†) and substantive components (e.g., one's actual beliefs about the legitimacy and fairness of the law). Legal socialization is critical in shaping adolescen ts' perceptions of the law, rules, and agreements among members of society, as well as the legitimacy of authority to deal fairly with citizens who violate society's rules.Because the enforcement of law differs by neighborhood, children and adolescents growing up in neighborhoods of different social composition experience the law in very different ways. This Network project is a pilot study that assesses variation in legal socialization as a function of  adolescents' neighborhood contexts. The study will measure differences by neighborhood in: (1) the development of adolescents' notions about the law; (2) their understanding of and participation in legal processes that express societal norms; (3) their assessments of the fairness of the process; and (4) their views of the legitimacy of the law and the institutions that enforce it.The specific aims of this pilot study are:†¢ to identify and measure interactions of children and adolescents with law and legal actors, estimate di fferences in these interactions by neighborhood, gender, race and age; †¢ to describe developmental trajectories of legal socialization by neighborhood, gender, race and age; †¢ to assess influence of interactions with legal actors on legal socialization, assess mediating effects of neighborhood, family, and individual factors; and †¢ to develop methods and measures for a longitudinal study of legal socialization of adolescents.Arts and literature:Perceptions and attitudes directly influence our interpretation of literature and are formed as a product of our socialization. We all carry a unique package of knowledge, memories, hopes and dreams. This knapsack acts as more than a depository of experiences; it also serves as a foundation for our perspectives. Motivational speaker and author Stephen Covey said: â€Å"We are not human beings on a spiritual journey. We are spiritual beings on a human journey.† Literature has the power to direct this journey, to open r oads that might not be traveled, and perhaps to change one’s path. In the process of socialization the literature has the power to ignite the imagination, express beliefs in a way that may not be heard otherwise, and form impressions. Like as, the poem, â€Å"Banalota Sen† of Jibonanondo Das, makes us to see how a lady could posses the natural beauty in its actual mean. Literature can unlock a door to new cultures and ideas, expose peoples of all different backgrounds to imaginary or actual situations, and make the impossible become real thus helps people on socialization.Role Model:A role model is a person whose behavior, example, or success is or can be  emulated by others, especially by younger people. The term â€Å"role model† is credited to sociologist Robert K. Merton, who coined the phrase during his career. Merton hypothesized that individuals compare themselves with reference groups of people who occupy the social role to which the individual aspires . A person’s chosen role models may have a considerable impact on their socialization. People try to act, behave and even try to lead their life according to their role model. In fact, the role model has a big impact on choosing their career.

Understanding Acculturation and Why It Happens

Understanding Acculturation and Why It Happens Acculturation is a process through which a person or group from one culture comes to adopt the practices and values of another culture, while still retaining their own distinct culture. This process is most commonly discussed regarding a minority culture adopting elements of the majority culture, as is typically the case with  immigrant groups that are culturally or ethnically distinct from the majority in the place to which they have immigrated. However, acculturation is a two-way process, so those within the majority culture often adopt elements of minority cultures with  which they come into contact. The process plays out between groups where neither is necessarily a majority or a minority. It can happen at both group and individual levels and can occur as a result of in-person contact or contact through art, literature, or media. Acculturation is not the same as the process of assimilation, though some people use the words interchangeably. Assimilation can be an eventual outcome of the acculturation process, but the process  can have other outcomes as well, including rejection, integration, marginalization, and transmutation. Acculturation Defined Acculturation is a process of cultural contact and exchange through which a person or group comes to adopt certain values and practices of a culture that is not originally their own, to a greater or lesser extent. The result is that the original culture of the  person or group remains, but it is changed by this process. When the process is at its most extreme, assimilation occurs wherein the original culture is wholly abandoned and the new culture adopted in its place. However, other outcomes can also occur that fall along a spectrum from minor  change to total change, and these include separation, integration, marginalization, and transmutation. The first known use of the term acculturation within the social sciences was by John Wesley Powell in a report for the U.S. Bureau of Ethnology in 1880. Powell later defined the term as the psychological changes that occur within a person due to cultural exchange that occurs as a result of extended contact between different cultures. Powell observed that, while they exchange cultural elements, each retains its own unique culture. Later, in the early 20th century, acculturation became a focus of American sociologists who used ethnography to study  the lives of immigrants and the extent to which they integrated into U.S. society. W.I Thomas and Florian Znaniecki examined this process with Polish immigrants in Chicago in their 1918 study The Polish Peasant in Europe and America. Others, including Robert E. Park and Ernest W. Burgess, focused their research and theories on the outcome of this process known as assimilation. While these early sociologists focused on the process of acculturation experienced by immigrants, and also by Black Americans within predominantly white society, sociologists today are more attuned to the two-way nature of cultural exchange and adoption that happens through the process of acculturation. Acculturation at Group and Individual Levels At the group level, acculturation  entails the widespread adoption of the values, practices, forms of art, and technologies of another culture. These can range from the adoption of ideas, beliefs, and ideology to  the large-scale inclusion of foods and styles of cuisines from other cultures. For example, the embrace of Mexican, Chinese, and Indian cuisines within the U.S. This includes the simultaneous adoption of mainstream American foods and meals by immigrant populations. Acculturation at the group level can also entail the cultural exchange of clothing and fashions, and of language. This happens when immigrant groups learn and adopt the language of their new home, or when certain phrases and words from a foreign language make their way into common usage. Sometimes, leaders within a culture make a conscious decision to adopt the technologies or practices of another for reasons associated with efficiency and progress. At the individual level, acculturation may involve all the same things that occur at the group level, but the motives and circumstances may differ. For example,  people who travel to foreign lands where the culture differs from their own, and who spend extended periods of time there, are likely to engage in the process of acculturation, whether intentionally or not, in order to learn and experience new things, enjoy their stay, and reduce the social friction that can arise from cultural differences. Similarly, first-generation immigrants often consciously engage in the process of acculturation as they settle into their new community in order to succeed socially and economically. In fact, immigrants are often compelled by law to acculturate in many places, with requirements to learn the language and the laws of society, and in some cases, with new laws that govern dress and covering of the body. People who move between social classes and the separate and different spaces they inhabit also often experience acculturation on both voluntary and required basis. This is the case for many first-generation college students who suddenly find themselves among peers who have been socialized already to understand the norms and culture of higher education, or for students from poor and working-class families who find themselves surrounded by wealthy peers at well-funded private colleges and universities. How Acculturation Differs from Assimilation Though they are often used interchangeably, acculturation and assimilation are two different things. Assimilation can be an eventual outcome of acculturation, but it doesnt have to be. Also, assimilation is often a largely one-way process, rather than the two-way process of cultural exchange that is acculturation. Assimilation is the process by which a person or group adopts a new culture that virtually replaces their original culture, leaving only trace elements behind, at most. The word means to make similar, and at the end of the process, the person or group will be culturally indistinguishable from those culturally native to the  society into which it has assimilated. Assimilation, as a process and an outcome, is common among immigrant populations that seek to blend in with the existing fabric of society. The process can be quick or gradual, unfolding over the years, depending on the context and circumstances. Consider, for example, how a third-generation Vietnamese American who grew up in Chicago differs culturally from a Vietnamese person living in rural Vietnam. Five Different Strategies and Outcomes of Acculturation Acculturation can take different forms and have different outcomes, depending on the strategy adopted by the people or groups involved in the exchange of culture. The strategy used will be determined by whether the person or group believes it is important to maintain their original culture, and how important it is to them to establish and maintain relationships with the greater community and society whose culture differs from their own. The four different combinations of answers to these questions lead to five different strategies and outcomes of acculturation. Assimilation. This strategy is used when little to no importance is placed on maintaining the original culture, and great importance is put on fitting in and developing relationships with the new culture. The outcome is that the person or group is, eventually, culturally indistinguishable from the culture into which they have assimilated. This type of acculturation is likely to occur in societies that are considered melting pots into which new members are absorbed.Separation. This strategy is used when little to no importance is placed on embracing the new culture, and high importance is placed on maintaining the original culture. The outcome is that the original culture is maintained while the new culture is rejected. This type of acculturation is likely to occur in culturally or racially segregated societies.Integration. This strategy is used when both maintaining the original culture and adapting to the new one are considered important. This is a common strategy of acculturation a nd can be observed among many immigrant communities and those with a high proportion of ethnic or racial minorities. Those who use this strategy might be thought of as bicultural and may be known to code-switch when moving between different cultural groups. This is the norm in what are considered multicultural societies. Marginalization. This strategy is used by those who place no importance on either maintaining their original culture or adopting the new one. The result is that the person or group is marginalized - pushed aside, overlooked, and forgotten by the rest of society. This can occur in societies where cultural exclusion is practiced, thus making it difficult or unappealing for a culturally different person to integrate.Transmutation. This strategy is used by those who place importance on both maintaining their original culture and on adopting the new culture - but rather than integrating two different cultures into their daily lives, those who do this create a third culture (a blend of the old and the new).

Organizational Tips For Sports Research Paper Writing

Organizational Tips For Sports Research Paper Writing What Is Sports Research Paper? Sports research paper is an independent scientific investigation aimed at solving problems in the field of physical culture and sports. The purpose of the research paper completion is the in-depth examination of knowledge gained during studying with its consolidation and synthesis. A research paper provides an opportunity to identify the level of specialized and scientific training of a student and his/her ability to apply the knowledge gained in the process of research work. The primary skills and techniques to complete the scientific research got a form as a result of the research paper. Individual students, in agreement with the Department of Theory and Methods of Physical Education, can write the Sports Research Paper at the departments of pedagogy and psychology. The contents of the research paper should cover the problems of physical education of different population groups. Topics and Directions Sports research papers in terms of content can be: Theoretical – made on the basis of an analytical collection of literary data; Empirical – made via analysis of the best practices of specialists in physical education and sport, student’s own experience, planning documents, accounting and reporting which reflect educational, training, and educational processes; Experimental – made on the basis of own research; Constructive – the manufacture of instruments, visual aids, simulators, and models; describing its effectiveness in the experiment. Good Topic Examples: History and Functional-Typological Features of Sports Medication Communications; Psychological Training of Youth in Boxing; The Specifics of Avoiding the Bones Trauma in Soccer; The Interlinkage Between Thrombosis and Application of Steroids; The Anti-Doping Code Analysis Concerning the Technological Advancement. Bad Topics Examples: History of Soccer; The Tennis Matches Rules; Injuries and Their Effect on Sports Career; The Regulations Rules in Football; Regular Sport among Youth. Planning and Outlining The research plan is writing in the following sequence: Definition of research direction; Development of the thesis; Construction of a research plan/outline. Stages to Complete Sports Research Papers Stage 1 – the choice and justification of the Research Paper topic; Stage 2 – drawing up a Research Plan / Outline and Thesis Statement; Stage 3 – working on literary sources and materials describing the experience of practical work regarding the subject; Stage 4 – definition of tasks, methods, object, and the research program; Stage 5 – writing an introduction and the first Section of a research paper; Stage 6 – organization and conducting of own researches, completion of the second section of the research paper; Stage 7 – processing and analysis of the results, writing of the third section of the research paper; Stage 8 – writing conclusions and practical recommendations; Stage 9 – submitting your research paper and presenting to the instructor and getting the instructions to modify the content; Stage 10 editing of the draft; introducing of final version; research paper presentation. Structure and Content of Sports Research Paper As a rule, the structure of Research Paper includes the next parts: Title Page; Content; List of Symbols (if necessary); Introduction; Main Sections; Conclusions; List of Used Literature; Appendixes. Methods to Write the Sections An Introduction is presented in the following sequence: Explanation of the topic relevance; The purpose of the work; Object and subject of research; Objectives of the study; Theoretical and practical specifics; Thesis Statement. A set of characteristic features determines the relevance of the topic regarding the physical culture and sport: The direction of the theme aims to solve the most critical social tasks intended for improving the system of physical education in the country and strengthening the health of different groups of the population. For example: ‘Physical culture is an integral part of the general culture of humankind aimed at strengthening the health of the population, the formation of individual moral-volitional, and psychological qualities of the individual.’ The significance of the topic for improving the training process. For example: ‘Optimization of the training process by the non-traditional means of physical education.’ The need for in-depth scientific research of a particular problem. For example: ‘Learning how children of elementary school age readjust to schooling and mastering the contents of the modern curriculum of physical education.’ The need to develop innovative technologies in physical education. For example: ‘Systematization of experimental data and generalization of pedagogical experience of trainers, innovators, and educators; development of new methods of planning, teaching, and means of training.’ The goal supposes identification of the most effective ways to optimize the physical education. After determining the purpose of the research, the student must select the object, subject, and formulate the theme. The object of the investigation may be a lesson of physical culture, the subject – a student or a group of students, the theme – the regularities for the further improvement of the educational process. For example: ‘The research paper aims to determine the situation with the physical fitness among the children of junior school age.’ The tasks of the study are developed following the stated purpose. For example: ‘1. To determine the level of physical preparedness of junior pupils. 2. To develop a methodology for advancing the level of physical fitness of junior pupils.’ The relevance of the research paper means scientifically substantiated data developed for the first time that should be used in the process of physical education. For example: ‘The student scientifically substantiates and experimentally specifies the knowledge about the most optimal age zones to develop the frequency of the movements in children who are engaged in athletics and are of the middle school age.’ The theoretical significance of the study is based on previously obtained scientific knowledge. For example: ‘The structure of the physical culture formation was developed as a result of the generalization of the obtained scientific data and studying of the person’s physical culture features; the individual system of values was proposed and scientifically substantiated.’ Practical significance is characterized by some features that make it possible to determine the importance of the results obtained and the effectiveness of its implementation in practice; development of author’s practical and methodological recommendations, presentation of scientific research at scientific-methodological conferences. For example: ‘Based on the research materials, the practical (methodological) recommendations â€Å"Strengthening health utilizing physical education† were developed; it is recommended for teachers, trainers, students, and young scientists. Research results are presented at the scientific conference, at a scientific methodological seminar on the theory and methodology of physical education, or in the work of an experimental group of young scientists.’ Thesis statement forms the subject of a particular study. Good example of a thesis statement: ‘Theoretical analysis of specialized literature and generalization of experience generated by the specialists through their work activities allows predicting that the use of simulators and modern computer technology in the process of students training will enable to control their physical condition and contribute to improving the efficiency of sports.’ Poor example of a thesis statement: ‘Sports history proves that exercises are useful in struggling with the extra weight.’ Literature Review The literature review denotes an essential part of the work and can consist of several subdivisions, points, and sub-items. This section represents, compares, analyzes, and summarizes the received data of scientific researches of scientists that cover the central issues of the topic. Examples of the Scholar Sources: The Ones Our Writers Use as Well Sheppard, J. M., Young, W. B. (2006). Agility literature review: Classifications, training and testing. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24(9), 919-932. Impellizzeri, F. M., Rampinini, E., Coutts, A. J., Sassi, A. L. D. O., Marcora, S. M. (2004). Use of RPE-based training load in soccer. Medicine Science in Sports Exercise, 36(6), 1042-1047. Spence, S. H. (2003). Social skills training with children and young people: Theory, evidence and practice. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 8(2), 84-96. Jones, M. V. (2003). Controlling emotions in sport. The Sport Psychologist, 17(4), 471-486. Kirk, D., MacPhail, A. (2002). Teaching games for understanding and situated learning: Rethinking the Bunker-Thorpe model. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 21(2), 177-192. The material can be presented in chronological order or the set of the questions under the focus. Writing a literary review is recommended in the following sequence: To select particular scientific-methodical literature. To learn and analyze the material. To write the basic questions of the text related to the topic of scientific work. The content of the text is written in the form of quotation, abstracts, annotations, and plan. Writing the section via the quotations are used to determine precise concepts, terms, and guidelines for substantiating the personal opinions and characteristics of the author’s point of view. The student should also specify the author’s second name and the year of publication (via comma or brackets) in the text. It is vital to consider the features of formatting (APA, Harvard, MLA, and others). For example: ‘The literature reflects a large number of recommendations and programs for improving the walking and the running for adults and adolescents in complex with the systematized load settings in programs (Warner, 2013).’ Methods and Organization of Research After writing the review part, the student needs to formulate two-three main tasks (or more if necessary). For example: ‘1. To study the age-old peculiarities of speed in children of middle school age. 2. To determine the dynamics of the development rate among children of middle school age.’ The text below specifies the methods that are defined for solving the issues. For example: ‘To solve the problems, the following methods of research were used: 1. Study of scientific-methodical literature. 2. Theoretical-comparative analysis and generalization of literature data. 3. Pedagogical observation. 4. Educational experiment. 5. Control exercises. 6. Physiological methods. 7. Methods of mathematical statistics.’ The generally accepted methods and techniques of scientific research in the work do not describe in detail but only indicate the name of the design, the author, and the year of publication which illustrates this design. The application of the author’s technique requires a complete description with explanations of formulas, diagrams, or drawings. All possible changes, modifications, and additions to the methods of other authors are scientifically substantiated and described in detail. Then follows the description of the organization of the study: location, timeline, and study conditions; features of experimental groups. Meanwhile, the number of subjects, age, sex, medical specification, and related factors could be the objects of research. For example: ‘The study involved girls and boys 9-10 years old studying at Bradford’s school in Washington DC. The total amount was 100 people. All children belonged to the main medical group concerning their health state. The level of physical development and preparedness of the subjects were approximately the same. The study was conducted in September 2017. It was based on physical education lessons. Safety instructions and job performance rules were explained before the control exercising. The best result out of the three attempts was recorded in the protocol.’ Research Results The results are the central part of the work that outlines the outcomes and conclusions of the research. The obtained research results are compared with the evidence of other researchers; the validity or erroneousness of established regularities, provisions, and explanations are substantiated; the assumptions outlined in the thesis statement are checked. The text is accompanied by drawings, tables, diagrams, graphs, and photos. For example: ‘It has been proved that the level of General Physical Preparedness (GPP) of students involved in sports, aerobics, and athletics triple times a week is 50% higher than that of students getting the physical education only. At this point, the part of students with an average level of physical fitness has decreased by 10% for a school year, while GPP higher than average has increased by 25%.’ The illustrated material is of great importance when writing the text of the Results section. During the study, the student collects the actual content (photographs, videos, questionnaires, digital data, certificates) and then compiles it in the table and graphic illustrations. Conclusions The indication of findings must finish the text of the sports research paper and, if necessary, supplemented by the practical recommendations. The conclusions highlight the most important scientific and practical results obtained during the study of its significance for science and practice. The findings are briefly, clearly, and entirely consistent with the objectives of the study. The number of points is not limited, but usually ranges from 2 to 10. For example: ‘1. The physical development indicators in the observed schoolchildren corresponded to a range of values character to the sex-age groups in the region. The peculiarity of the physical development of these schoolchildren is the tendency towards the increase of body length indices and reduction of chest circumference and body weight in all groups (p>0,05). 2. According to the results of the testing assessment offered by the school curriculum, 59.7% of schoolchildren showed a low level of physical fitness. The tests that were the most difficult to perform are: â€Å"pull-up,† â€Å"tilt forward,† â€Å"running on endurance,† and â€Å"shuttle running.† The range of unsatisfactory evaluations according to the results of their implementation varies from 18.9% to 51.6%.’ Finally, practical recommendations are formulated in paragraphs similar to the conclusions. Recommendations would allow teachers and trainers to improve the efficiency of the educational process significantly. For example: ‘The complexity of physical exercises has gradually increased according to the stages of learning and the individual characteristics of students.’ ‘Development of coordination abilities should be given attention at junior school age.’ ‘To ensure a high motor density of a lesson, one needs to apply non-traditional learning tools.’ References consist of the works of all the mentioned authors in the text. The list of authors is given in alphabetical order and adjusted according to the needed format. 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